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However, in 2. 3 states and the District of Columbia, NDRs begin at 1. Nationwide, among 6,1. The WSBA requires applicants for the bar exam to file their applications electronically using the Online Admissions System. Applications for the Washington Bar Exam are to be completed and filed online by. Applying for a Teen Driver's License in North Carolina The North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) uses a graduated driver's licensing (GDL) process for teen drivers under 18 years old. Starting with driver's. A Comprehensive Approach to Teen Driver Safety. Young, inexperienced drivers, particularly 16- to 17-year-olds, are significantly over represented in fatal crashes. Our research tells us that immaturity and inexperience are. Licensing & State Laws. Illinois’ multi-stage licensing process allows teens to gradually gain exposure to complex driving situations, easing them into driving over an extended period of time. The instruction permit and. Call Now: 206-467-2607. As you may have already discovered, accusations of Washington State hit and run crimes are taken very seriously by law enforcement, prosecutors, and the courts. In addition to potential jail time and. Instructions on how to apply for a RN license by exam in state, by exam out of state, or by endorsement. Among drivers involved in night crashes, 1,0. State- level analyses revealed an approximately twofold variation among states in both the proportions of drivers aged 1. Because nearly all of the night driving trips taken by drivers aged 1. NDRs beginning at 1. States could consider updating their NDR coverage to include earlier nighttime hours. This descriptive report summarizes the characteristics of NDRs, estimates the extent to which drivers aged 1. The effects of NDRs on crashes were not evaluated because of the small state- level sample sizes during the 6- year study period. NDRs are applied when teen drivers receive their GDL provisional license, which permits driving without an adult supervisor in the vehicle under prescribed conditions. NDRs specify the nighttime hours that a teen holding a GDL provisional license may not drive without an adult supervisor. As of January 2. 01. District of Columbia and every state except Vermont had an NDR as a cornerstone of their GDL system.* GDL is designed to help young beginner drivers gain experience under lower- risk conditions. Two national evaluations conducted during 1. However, in 2. 3 states and the District of Columbia, NDRs begin at 1. The NDR remains in effect until either the driver reaches a designated age (e. In 1. 5 states and the District of Columbia, graduation from the NDR is not possible until age 1. In the remaining 3. NDR, graduation is possible before age 1. For this study, the ages and hours covered by NDRs were obtained from the compendium of GDL laws maintained by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. National estimates of the proportion of trips taken by drivers aged 1. National Highway Travel Survey (NHTS), the most recent survey. FARS defines a fatal crash as one in which at least one vehicle occupant or nonoccupant (e. Analyses were restricted to drivers of passenger vehicles (i. Records of 3. 0 drivers were excluded because the time of the crash was unknown. National and state- level FARS data from 2. For the state- level analysis, six states that licensed drivers before age 1. Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Carolina, and South Dakota) were excluded because drivers could typically graduate from the NDR at age 1. Vermont, which does not have an NDR, also was excluded. State- level results were included for the states with . Among drivers involved in night crashes, 1,0. According to the 2. NHTS data, drivers aged 1. Seven states either implemented an NDR or updated their NDR early in the 6- year study period (Table 2). Five NDRs had mixed starting times, depending on day of week, month, age, or length of time a license had been held; details are available at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety website (http: //www. In 1. 3 states, the youngest exit age was 1. NDRs, exit ages ranged from 1. Across the 4. 0 included states, the proportion of drivers aged 1. Kentucky to 4. 4% in New Hampshire (median = 3. Table 3). The proportion of drivers aged 1. Distribution of characteristics of graduated driver licensing night driving restrictions . Suggested citation for this article: Shults RA, Williams AF. Graduated Driver Licensing Night Driving Restrictions and Drivers Aged 1. Years Involved in Fatal Night Crashes . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2. DOI: http: //dx. doi.
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This study evaluated the impact of providing literacy- and numeracy- sensitive diabetes care within an enhanced diabetes care program on A1. C and other diabetes outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In two randomized controlled trials, we enrolled 1. A1. C . For 3 months, control patients received care from existing enhanced diabetes care programs, whereas intervention patients received enhanced programs that also addressed literacy and numeracy at each institution. Intervention providers received health communication training and used the interactive Diabetes Literacy and Numeracy Education Toolkit with patients. A1. C was measured at 3 and 6 months follow- up. Quality Literacy And Numeracy Programs For SingleSecondary outcomes included self- efficacy, self- management behaviors, and treatment satisfaction. RESULTS At 3 months, both intervention and control patients had significant improvements in A1. C from baseline (intervention . In adjusted analysis, there was greater improvement in A1. C in the intervention group than in the control group (P = 0. At 6 months, there were no differences in A1. C between intervention and control groups. Self- efficacy improved from baseline for both groups. No significant differences were found for self- management behaviors or satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS A literacy- and numeracy- focused diabetes care program modestly improved self- efficacy and glycemic control compared with standard enhanced diabetes care, but the difference attenuated after conclusion of the intervention. Patients, particularly those with poorer literacy or numeracy skills, may have difficulty interpreting and acting on abstract or complex health information related to chronic illness care (1). Approximately 9. 0 million adults in the U. S. Low literacy is common among patients with diabetes and has been associated with less knowledge about diabetes and worse glycemic control (3–5). In a randomized trial of a multifaceted diabetes disease management program that included literacy- sensitive interventions, we found that patients' literacy status was an independent predictor of improvement in glycemic control. Patients with lower literacy showed a greater improvement in glycemic control than patients with higher literacy, suggesting that applying literacy- sensitive communication methods could lead to improved diabetes outcomes (6). However, there have been few additional studies (7) and no randomized trials specifically examining the role of a literacy- and numeracy- sensitive intervention for patients with diabetes. Numeracy, or the ability to use numbers in daily life, is an important but understudied component of literacy (8). Health- related numeracy includes understanding measurement, estimation, time, risk interpretation, and multistep operations and the ability to identify which math skills need to be applied to solve problems (8,9). Quality Literacy And Numeracy Programs To DownloadNumeracy has been associated with asthma control, nutrition label comprehension, and obesity (1. Numeracy may play an integral role in successful diabetes self- management because quantitative skills are often required for tasks such as blood glucose monitoring, carbohydrate counting, and medication administration.
In a cross- sectional study, we found a significant association between diabetes- related numeracy skills and glycemic control (3). However, to date, the role of providing numeracy- sensitive interventions in diabetes care has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of addressing both literacy and numeracy as part of an enhanced multidisciplinary diabetes care program, compared with usual delivery of that program. Outcome measures included glycemic control, patient- reported self- efficacy, self- management behaviors, and treatment satisfaction. We hypothesized that intervention participants who received the literacy- and numeracy- sensitive program would lower their A1. C significantly more than control group participants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis study included two coordinated randomized controlled trials performed at two academic medical centers from April 2. June 2. 00. 8. The institutional review boards from Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) and the University of North Carolina (UNC) Chapel Hill approved the trials, and written consent was obtained from all participants. Eligible patients were aged 1. English- speaking, with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and most recent A1. C . Exclusion criteria were a preexisting diagnosis of severe cognitive impairment or corrected visual acuity of < 2. Rosenbaum Screener (Prestige Medical, Northridge, CA). Subjects received $5. Randomization. Among patients referred to the enhanced diabetes care program at each trial site, those who consented were then randomly assigned to the control or intervention condition. Random assignment was concealed, computer- generated, and performed at each site using random blocks of four, six, and eight assignments. Although research assistants collecting patient measures were not notified of a patient's assignment, this was not a masked study because only specified providers were trained to deliver the intervention. Control and intervention conditions. Patients assigned to the control condition were referred to “usual care” in the local enhanced diabetes care program (supplementary Table A1, available in an online appendix at http: //care. DC1). This included one to six face- to- face visits in a diabetes care program over a period of 3 months. At VUMC, this program included visits with a diabetes nurse practitioner (> 8. At UNC, this program included visits with a nurse practitioner CDE and a registered dietitian within the General Medicine Clinic. To avoid contamination issues, control patients were assigned to receive care only from these program staff, and these staff did not provide care to any intervention patients. Patients assigned to the intervention condition were also referred to the local enhanced diabetes care program. Program staff delivering the intervention each received one to two didactic training sessions (1–2 h each) about health literacy, numeracy, and clear communication techniques (1. Intervention staff also used the Diabetes Literacy and Numeracy Education Toolkit (DLNET) (1. The DLNET (available at http: //www. The toolkit was designed using clear communication principles, such as simple sentences with text at a sixth- grade reading level, bulleting for key points, color coding, pictures, and step- by- step instructions. The intervention was delivered in two to six sessions over a 3- month period. The VCAA provides high quality curriculum. National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy Testing (NAPLAN) The VCAA is responsible for the National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy. The evaluation surveyed the literacy and numeracy programs of the following implementing Timorese NGOs, providing assessments of strengths, areas for improvement. At VUMC, the intervention was delivered by an advanced diabetes management nurse practitioner and CDE registered dietitians, whereas at UNC the intervention was delivered by a CDE pharmacist and a dietitian. To avoid contamination issues, intervention patients were assigned to receive care only from these program staff, and intervention staff did not provide care to any control patients. Throughout the study, all control and intervention patients continued to receive usual care from their primary care or diabetes specialty providers. Measures. A1. C was collected at baseline, at 3 months (at the conclusion of the intervention), and at 6 months (3 months after completion of the intervention). Numeracy Policy; Religious Education. Literacy professional learning programs; Literacy professional learning workshops and. Contact us; Introducing 'An introduction to quality literacy teaching' Guide references for. Literacy and Numeracy Testing Programs Literacy and. Literacy and Numeracy and Improving Teacher Quality landing page. Literacy and Numeracy and Improving Teacher Quality. National Literacy and Numeracy Diagnostic Tools Project. We strive to increase the capacity and quality of adult literacy programs through technical. Education Materials New Readers Press. ProLiteracy, the largest adult literacy and basic education. A1. C measurements were performed at the laboratories of the respective institutions, which were not aware of the patients' study status. Literacy was assessed using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), a well- validated measure of reading ability that correlates with reading comprehension (1. If the patient scored less than a sixth- grade reading level by REALM, then the remainder of the instruments were administered orally to ensure that the survey questions were understood by the patient. All subjects were given the option of oral administration if desired. Diabetes- related numeracy skills were measured with the validated Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT) at VUMC and the shortened DNT- 1. UNC (available at http: //www. Diabetes self- management activities were assessed by patient self- report and with the validated Summary of Diabetes Self- Care Activities scale (1. Patient- perceived self- efficacy of diabetes self- management behaviors was assessed using the validated Perceived Diabetes Self- Management Scale (1. Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (1. Diabetes- related numeracy, diabetes self- care behaviors, self- efficacy, and satisfaction were assessed at baseline and at the 6- month interval. Statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics were calculated as median (interquartile range) or frequency and percentage for categorical variables. We compared patient characteristics by intervention status at baseline using Wilcoxon's rank- sum tests for continuous variables and Pearson's . For all analyses we present the results for each trial site separately and then also for the two sites combined. All randomly assigned participants were included in the intention- to- treat analyses. For our primary outcome, we used Wilcoxon's rank- sum tests to compare change in A1. C between intervention and control groups from baseline to 3 months (after the completion of the enhanced diabetes education and management program) and also from baseline to 6 months (to assess additional effects on glycemic control 3 months after the intervention had been completed). Secondary analyses included comparison between intervention and control groups of patient diabetes care self- efficacy, self- management behaviors and satisfaction with diabetes care from enrollment to 6- month follow- up, using Wilcoxon's rank- sum test. Within each group, changes in measures from baseline to 3 or 6 months follow- up were also examined using Wilcoxon's signed- rank test. I hope more and more students can come to US by ACE. Program Evaluations; Fall 2014 Student Evaluations; Spring 2015 Student. 70% of students study abroad prior to completing their degree program. 60% of programs require no prior language and course work can be taken in. Singapore; Home > Academics > Degree and Certificate Programs > New York Campus. Bachelor's in Food Business Management; Bachelor's in Applied Food Studies; Bachelor. Learn about our wealth of degree program choices. Associate of science transfer (AS-T) degree. 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Human Geography Content Guide for eduCators. Technology – the use of tools, energy, and human creativity to. AP Human Geography Course Description, Effective Fall 2015. They also learn about the methods and tools geographers use in. This publication is intended to give school administrators and AP Human . Human geography - Wikipedia. Human geography is the branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by noticing their relations with and across space and place. The first real geographical intellect to emerge in United Kingdom geography was Halford John Mackinder, appointed reader at Oxford University in 1. The National Geographic Society was founded in the United States in 1. National Geographic magazine which became and continues to be a great populariser of geographic information. The society has long supported geographic research and education. Though a physician and a pioneer of epidemiology, the map is probably one of the earliest examples of health geography. The now fairly distinct differences between the subfields of physical and human geography developed at a later date. This connection between both physical and human properties of geography is most apparent in the theory of environmental determinism, made popular in the 1. Carl Ritter and others, and with close links to evolutionary biology of the time. Environmental determinism is the theory that a people's physical, mental and moral habits are directly due to the influence of their natural environment. However, by the mid- 1. A similar concern with both human and physical aspects is apparent in the later regional geography, during the later 1. The goal of regional geography, through regionalization, was to delineate space into regions and then understand and describe the unique characteristics of each region, in both human and physical aspects. With links to possibilism and cultural ecology, some of the same notions of causal effect of the environment on society and culture, as with environmental determinism remained. By the 1. 96. 0s, however, the quantitative revolution led to strong criticism of regional geography. Due to a perceived lack of scientific rigour in and overly descriptive nature of the discipline, and a continued separation of geography from geology and the two subfields of physical and human geography, geographers in the mid- 2. Well- known geographers from this period are Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, and Torsten H. Known under the term 'critical geography' this signalled another turning point in the discipline. Behavioural geography emerged for some time as a means to understand how people made perceived spaces and places, and made locational decisions. More influentially, 'radical geography' emerged in the 1. Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet. Human geography is the branch of the. The National Geographic Society was founded in the United States in 1888 and began publication of the National Geographic. This connection between both physical and human properties. Introduction to Geographic Tools. From Ancestry.com Wiki. Commonly used geographic tools are maps, atlases. Geography, the study of the. Start studying AP Human Geography 01 Geographic Tools. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. At the broadest level, geography is divided into physical geography, human geography, geographic techniques, and regional geography. Seeking to say something 'meaningful' about the problems recognised through quantitative methods. Radical geography and the links to Marxism and related theories remain an important part of contemporary human geography (See: Antipode (Journal)) Critical geography also saw the introduction of 'humanistic geography', associated with the work of Yi- Fu Tuan, which, though similar to behavioural geography, pushed for a much more qualitative approach in methodology. The changes under critical geography have led to contemporary approaches in the discipline such as feminist geography, new cultural geography, and the engagement with postmodern and post- structural theories and philosophies. The main fields of study in human geography focus around the core fields of: Animals. It focuses on describing and analysing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach. Economic. Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time. Many historical geographers study geographical patterns through time, including how people have interacted with their environment, and created the cultural landscape. Political. That is the study of areas which have a concentration of buildings and infrastructure. These are areas where the majority of economic activities are in the secondary sector and tertiary sectors. In case of urban settlement, they probably have a high population density. Philosophical and theoretical approaches. He started his scientific career as a geographer and geologist, and continued his activity as an anthropogeographer and sociologist. Carl O. Tobler (born 1. First law of geography. Gamal Hamdan (born 1. Egyptian thinker, intellect and professor of geography. Best known for The Character of Egypt, Studies of the Arab World, and The Contemporary Islamic World Geography, which form a trilogy on Egypt's natural, economic, political and cultural character and its position in the world. Yi- Fu Tuan (born 1. A Chinese- American geographer. David Harvey (born 1. Laur. Professor of geography at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Known for recognizing inequality with marginalised groups including women and M. Scott (born 1. 93. Vautrin Lud Prize in 2. Anders Retzius Gold medal 2. Edward Soja (1. 94. Doreen Massey (1. Vautrin Lud Prize. Michael Watts, Class of 1. Professor of Geography and Development Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Nigel Thrift (born 1. Derek Gregory (born 1. Israeli, U. S. Writing on children's geographies, place and nature, everyday life and security. Gillian Rose (born 1. Feminism & Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge (1. Journals. Whilst human geography is interdisciplinary, there are a number of journals with as human geography focus. These include: See also. In Johnston, Ron; Gregory, Derek; Pratt, Geraldine; et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Retrieved 9 March 2. Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold. Retrieved 3. 1 May 2. Exploring individual animal geographies. Area 4 (3), 2. 97- 3. Barua,M. Environment and Planning A. Retrieved 2. 1 December 2. Hybrid Geographies: Natures Cultures Spaces. Sage Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi.^Jordan- Bychkov, Terry G.; Domosh, Mona; Rowntree, Lester (1. The human mosaic: a thematic introduction to cultural geography. New York: Harper. Collins. College. Publishers. ISBN 9. Accessed: May 1. 8, 2. Further reading. Geography: realms, regions, and concepts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 4. Clifford, N. J.; Holloway, S. L.; Rice, S. P.; Valentine, G., eds. Key Concepts in Geography (2nd ed.). ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark (2. Envisioning human geographies. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Phil; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark (2. Introducing human geographies (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. Crang, Mike; Thrift, Nigel J. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 4. Daniels, Peter; Bradshaw, Michael; Shaw, Denis J. An Introduction to Human Geography: issues for the 2. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Flowerdew, Robin; Martin, David (2. Methods in human geography: a guide for students doing a research project (2nd ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 5. Gregory, Derek; Martin, Ron G.; Smith, Graham (1. Human geography: society, space and social science. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. Reality, Society and Geographical/Environmental Organization: Searching for an Integrated Order. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Science. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. The Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.). Blackwell Publishers, London. Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World. Blackwell Publishers, London. Moseley, William W.; Lanegran, David A.; Pandit, Kavita (2. The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: Contemporary Debates and Classic Writings. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Modern Geographical Thought. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. |
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